Unit+4

=Unit 4=

Chapter 16: The Conquest of the Far West

 * U.S. recieves New Mexico from Mexico, and indian settlers feared removal from their land, so they rebelled in the **Taos Indian Rebellion**.
 * New railroads allowed more people to settle the West to cultivate the land and create societies.
 * Chinese folks settled in California and began working on railroads. This was soon opposed because of the lack of work left to the white settlers.
 * The government passed the **Chinese Exclusion Act** which prevented Chinese immagration for 10 years.
 * **Anti-Coolie Clubs** were also formed to stop Chinese immagrant employment.
 * The **Homestead Act** allowed settlers to buy plots of land limited to 160 acres, if they agreed to live on it for 5 years and improve it.
 * The **Timber Culture Act** allowed a grant for 160 additional acres if trees were planted on at least 40 acres.
 * The **Desert Land Act** allowed 640 more acres to be purchased at $1.25 per/acre, if they irrigated part of it within 3 years.
 * The **Timber and Stone Act** allowed purchases of 320 more acres of nonarable land at $2.65 an acre.
 * These 4 acts allowed people to buy upto 1,280 acres at a very small cost.

**The Frontier**

 * Idea or concept of Western land, place where a person can discover themselves settled.
 * A land of opportuinity and resources, challenges and goals.
 * The **Great American West**, a place to grow and prosper.
 * Empty, uninhabited land awaiting development from white settlers.
 * A place of wealth, opportunity, adventure, and individualism. A place of fresh beginnings and bold undertakings.

Development of the West (Railroads, Chinese, & Buffalo)
__//**Railroads**//__
 * **Trans-Continental Railroad** expanded across the country into the west. It allowed more settlers to develop the West.
 * This railroad also allowed products to be transported across country. This tie between East and west economy increased the Western economy greatly.
 * 12,000 Chinese workers helped to form the railroad. They worked in gangs with a Chinese supervisor.
 * Extended over 400 miles of railroad track throughout the United States.
 * Charged farmers ridiculous prices to transport goods across the nation
 * //__Chinese__//**
 * 12,000 worked on the Trans-Continental railroad for very small wages. This angered white settlers who could not find work.
 * Massive immigration from China to U.S. occurered to work on the Trans-Continental Railroad Project.
 * 5,000 went on strike demanding higher wages, which failed when they were starved into submission and returned to work.
 * Desperation and poverty drove Chinese immagrants here for cheap work and jobs to pass by with in America. Resentment formed because of language barriers, and religious and ethnic differences. Their culture differences formed conflict with Western settlers.
 * Chinese flocked to the cities and created establishments known as **Chinatowns**.
 * **Anti-Coolie Clubs** were formed to exclude Chinese labor from being accepted. Eventually congress passed the **Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882**, which prevented Chinese immagration for 10 years.
 * The Chinese helped Western economy in that their cheap labor helped in creating the Trans-Continental Railroad at very low cost to the government.[[image:buffalo.jpg width="238" height="196" caption="American Buffalo"]]
 * //__Buffalo__//**
 * The buffalo or bison were the way of life for the Plains Indians and many other Indian tribes.
 * It was used for food, coats, tepees, blankets, shoes, robes, and many other items.
 * Its manure was used as fuel that was called buffalo chips, and its bones could be used to make arrows, knives, and bow strings.
 * This animal was all the Plains Indians needed to survive and trade with other tribes, because it could be used to make everything they needed.
 * //__Government Policy__//**
 * **Homestead Act** gave acres of land to settling citizens as long as they occupied it for 5 years.
 * This grant was used to help westward expansion, and economic growth past the Mississippi.
 * Pushing idea of every American having their own piece of property.
 * Welfare capatalism, government intervention in the economy.

**The West: Myth Vs. Reality**

 * Myth || Reality ||
 * # The west was un-inhabited.
 * 1) Western life was filled with excitement and adventures waiting to happen.
 * 2) Rumors of wealth and gold in the west were spread.
 * 3) The west was a vast and beautiful utopia as described and painted by famous artists.
 * 4) Grants for free land allowed for quick settlements and instant start of work and possibly quicker wealth.
 * 5) The west would provide peace and a great living place for a developed family.
 * 6) Many Americans believed the west was filled with free spirited high powered people they called cowboys, and they could become one too.
 * 7) Most believed the west was a beautiful frontier never seen before or settled by anyone.
 * 8) The east and west economies would be independent from one another. || # Indians and other cultures have lived west of the Mississippi River for decades before white settlers explored it.
 * 9) Farmlife was boring, lonely, and often very hard work.
 * 10) Very few people found enough gold to become rich, and ended up losing their eastern life to settle west.
 * 11) The west was very empty and mostly wide fields and desert areas. No utopia style conditions existed as portrayed in the beliefs and paintings.
 * 12) The west had little to offer, and much of the land was too harsh for farming conditions and had to be irrigated and improved prior to farming and ranching.
 * 13) Many western communities were run by individuals or gangs of people who tried to enforce their own laws, most of whom were criminals and vigilantes themselves.
 * 14) Many of these "cowboys" were in fact low paid wage workers building railroads and working in mines and developing communities.
 * 15) This rough terrain has benn explored and lived on for centuries, and isn't beautiful at all, in fact it is scarce for fertile soil, other than that near rivers and the ocean.
 * 16) The east and west economies were tied directly to each other. ||

**Chapter 17: Industrial Supremacy**

 * Pg. 484-486**
 * Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick cut wages for union workers in the Homestead mill in Pittsburgh. The union was too weak to perform a strike.
 * In 1892, Carnegie no longer discussed their decisions with the union head at all, so the union had no chance to negotiate at all.
 * The union was defeated in their strike when all of Pennsylvania's national guard was sent.
 * In Pullman's company, there was a 25% pay cut, but the rents in his model town were not cut, and there was a large strike. They convinced the buyer of the train cars to stop buying to support the strike within the company.
 * Within days, thousands of railroad workers in 27 states were on strike. The transportation from Chicago to the Pacific Coast was frozen.

2nd Industrial Revolution relate to Social Darwinism, Gospel of wealth, and Inequality?

 * Social darwinism was supporting monopolies in the United States, which in a way stopped anyone that wasn't rich from getting rich.
 * This concept of strong and weak may have seemed unfair to many business men who tried to succeed in life, but were shunned by society and industry by cheaper prices that couldn't be competed with.
 * Inequality became widespread in the sence that nobody had the chance to grow in the select industries such as the field of oil, steel, railroads.
 * They controlled the industries as follows: Carnegie & Morgan-Steel, Rockerfeller-Oil, and Vanderbilt-Railroads.
 * These men made deals with each other, (Mostly with Vanderbilt for cheaper transportation on the railroads) to expand their massive wealth at little cost to them.
 * Gospel of Wealth stated that people should help poor people help themselves. Wealthy men had the power to increase social wealth and help expand society and industry.



Chapter 18: The Age Of The City

 * Dramatic increase in immagration. Including ethnicities such as Germans, British, and Irish.
 * All of the groups remained segregated totheir own cultures and nationalities, where they set up their own communities.
 * Businesses like street car vendoring opened up opportunities for immagrants.
 * Tenement housing were opened and introduced very rough and unsanitary conditions for many people.
 * Crime rates skyrocketed with more immagrants and as factories grew, so did air pollution.
 * Department stores, and major sports were introduced.



Chapter 20: The Imperial Republic

 * Imperialsim-The rule over foreign countries political, economic, and social affairs, exerting power and influence over nations that have yet to industrialize and grow.
 * To have complete control over a country, or massive influence in that country.
 * The policy of extending the rule or authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies.
 * The policy of so uniting the separate parts of an empire with separate governments as to secure for certain purposes a single state.
 * Extending a nation's influence abroad, and throughout other nations and territories.
 * Gaining more territory through territorial take-over or territorial expansion.
 * Imperialist-Person who believes in or practices imperialism.
 * Defined as the new manifest destiny. Old manifest destiny was expanding from the Atlantic through the Pacific of the United States. After this process was complete, the country began looking elsewhere for territory.
 * Territorial acquisition and both economic and/or political influence.
 * Territorial expansion; Ex. U.S. annexation of Hawaii, and trading ports in Samoan Islands.
 * U.S. exerted power in Venezuela to assist their cause of conflict with Britian over a boundary line.
 * Colonization-Aquiring colonies is a small form of imperialsim.
 * Annexation-The process of adopting a country, island, territory, etc. to a country so they will be under the same rule.
 * Spear of Influence-Area of influence that controls an area and expands to other areas.
 * Protectorate-This is a halo over a territory that gives it influence from another country.

Motivations of Imperialism

 * Allies and foreign relations.
 * Access to environmental goods, and natural resources. Ex. Sugar, gold, oil, gas, etc.
 * Greed for territorial expansion.
 * Authority over weaker countries.
 * Trade and economic advantages, to new markets and customers.
 * Military strategies for key areas of land to create military bases
 * Gain power and influence over other countries.
 * Fulfill populations needs for territory, or agricultural purposes.
 * Manifest destiny.
 * Loot from war.
 * Civil freedom of population of a country to break free from higher influences.
 * Unconquered territory needed to be cultivated and colonized.
 * Protection of endangered animals and plants from foreign destruction.
 * Protection of environmental neccesities like trees and fresh water springs and aquifers.
 * End dictatorships, or disruption of human rights.
 * Spread Christianity and Democracy.
 * Social Darwinism, kill or be killed, survival of the fittest, only the strong survive.
 * National security.

Examples Of American Imperialism

 * Hawaii-Resources like sugar cane and location for trade and military purposes.
 * Samoa-Commercial supremacy in the Pacific.
 * Alaska-Expansion of American power, great consistency of oil and natural gas.
 * Midway Island/Eastern and Sand Islands-Expansion of American influence, key military points in WWII.
 * Guam-Expansion of power.
 * Philippenes-Mining goods like coal.
 * Puerto Rico-Expansion of power, and economic expansion and resources.
 * Louisiana Purchase-Manifest Destiny.
 * Panama-Open trading ports rather than going all the way aroung South America, open Panama Canal.

5 W's Of Spanish American War
//**﻿**//
 * //__Who__//**
 * U.S. Vs. Spain
 * Phillipines
 * Cuba
 * Guam
 * Puerto Rico
 * Joseph Pullitzer
 * William Hearst
 * Rough Riders
 * McKinley
 * Roosevelt
 * Cleveland
 * //__What__//**
 * Splendid Little War
 * Imperialism
 * Intervention in Cuba
 * War with Spain
 * American Expansion
 * Yellow Journalism
 * //__When__//**
 * April 25, 1898 Date of Start
 * July 16, 1898 Date Spanish troops surrendered in Santiago
 * August 12, 1898 Date of End
 * //__Where__//**
 * United States
 * Phillipines
 * Cuba
 * Puerto Rico
 * Spain
 * Guam
 * //__Why__//**
 * Cuban Independence
 * Sugar economy
 * Imperialism
 * Resources
 * Spread of American influence
 * Military Bases

Thesis of U.S. History: 1781-1915
__**My** **Thesis**__ The United States throughout the period of 1781-1915 became a country of its own law and individualism with the spread of democracy using voting style politics, and from there caused the sprout of this pre-industrialized economic nation into a well governed and influential nation with high economic and social standards, as well as a strong influence and imperialistic view over other nations. The nation became strong militarily due to key bases established from annexed nations after winning wars, and used its power to increase the trade and wealth of the nation, causing a rippling effect of highs and lows in American society, for example the depressions and the invention of the first airplane and automobile.

Throughout the period of 1781-1915, the United States had been focusing on making a name for themselves, as a new nation, they had to compete with stronger and further developed countries like Great Britian and Spain. In order to make a name for themselves, the U.S. began to build trading relationships with other countries, expand their military, and develop their own twist to English lifestyle.
 * __Dayana D's Thesis__**

__**Group Thesis**__ Throughout the period of 1781-1915, the United States became a country of its own law and bagan focusing on political and economic expansion by following the idea of manifest destiny, increasing military maximums, and excercising authority in the allowance of trade in certain countries. The nation was also expanding technology with creations like the cotton gin, steamboat, railroads, and transportation, all of which increased the power and wealth of the nation, while territorial expansion questions and slavery issues corrupted and slowed down the growing nation.